Research Progress and Industrial Application of Egg Yolk Protein Peptides

Egg yolk proteins include low-density lipoproteins, high-density lipoproteins, livetins and phosvitin. In recent years, in vivo and in vitro studies have gradually uncovered the potential bioactivities and health-promoting functions of egg yolk peptides.

It was once believed that dietary proteins are absorbed by the human body in the form of amino acids. However, recent research reveals that small-molecular oligopeptides can be directly transported and absorbed through the intestinal tract.

Bioactive peptides produced via enzymatic hydrolysis possess specific active amino acid sequences. After gastrointestinal absorption, they exert physiological functions that the original intact proteins do not have. Therefore, a variety of food-derived functional bioactive peptides have been prepared and put into industrial production.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that egg yolk peptides exhibit multiple bioactivities including antioxidant, antihypertensive and bone-protective effects, showing broad application prospects in the health industry. This paper reviews the biological functions of egg yolk peptides to provide useful references for the development of related industries.

Antioxidant Activity

Studies show that egg yolk peptides and phosvitin peptides prepared by different processes generally display favorable antioxidant capacity, mainly manifested in free radical scavenging, iron chelation and reducing power (see Table 3).

ACE Inhibition and Antihypertensive Activity

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-containing dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase. It catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone release, which promotes renal reabsorption of water and Na⁺, increases blood volume and elevates blood pressure.

Blood pressure can be effectively lowered by inhibiting ACE activity. ACE inhibitors such as captopril and enalapril are widely used drugs for hypertension and heart failure treatment.

Recent studies indicate that food-derived bioactive peptides serve as natural, safe and effective ACE inhibitors with good antihypertensive efficacy. Egg yolk peptides are excellent ACE inhibitors, and their ACE inhibitory activity has been verified by multiple in vitro studies (see Table 4).

One animal study confirmed the in vivo antihypertensive effect of egg yolk peptides. Egg yolk peptides with molecular weight below 1 kDa can inhibit serum ACE activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats and reduce the rats’ systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure.

Calcium Absorption Promotion and Bone-protective Effects

A large number of in vitro studies have proven that phosvitin peptides can efficiently bind calcium ions and suppress the formation of insoluble calcium salts. Co-ingestion of phosvitin peptides together with calcium supplements may improve calcium supplementation efficiency and boost calcium bioavailability.

Beyond bone protection via enhanced calcium uptake, phosvitin peptides can regulate the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby modulating bone formation and bone resorption.

Anti-inflammatory Activity

Research indicates egg yolk peptides can modulate inflammation and effectively suppress inflammatory responses in intestinal cells, suggesting their application potential in intestinal-related disorders.

Hypoglycemic Activity

Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides consumed by humans need to be hydrolyzed into glucose by α-glucosidase before absorption into blood. Glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose are widely used as oral hypoglycemic agents in clinical practice.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a natural intestinal-derived hypoglycemic factor that stimulates insulin secretion. Nevertheless, GLP-1 is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Hence, DPP-4 inhibitors like sitagliptin can prolong the action duration of GLP-1 and exert hypoglycemic effects.

Two studies by Zambrowicz et al. revealed the α-glucosidase and DPP-4 inhibitory activities of egg yolk peptides.

Hair Growth-promoting Activity

Studies demonstrate that egg yolk peptides have hair-growth benefits. They promote proliferation of human dermal papilla cells and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), significantly accelerating hair growth rate and increasing hair density. Their hair-growth effect has been validated in both animal studies and human trials.

Summary and Discussion

A wealth of studies above prove that egg yolk peptides possess biofunctions including antihypertension, bone protection, hypoglycemia and anti-inflammation. As food-derived bioactive substances, they are promising functional raw materials for the development of health food or pharmaceutical products.

Meanwhile, their favorable emulsifying properties and multiple health benefits enable wide applications in skincare products, conventional foods, health foods and pharmaceuticals. Egg yolk peptides feature complex components and diverse functions. As multi-functional nutritional supplements, they can satisfy demands of broad consumer groups.

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